CutGarden

Cohn, Harry

2005-04-05T19:17:00.000-07:00

The son of an immigrant Polish-Jewish tailor, Cohn quit school at age 14 and worked at sundry jobs before becoming a vaudeville singer and song plugger. His motion picture career began in 1913, when he worked as a secretary for a film distributor

Akhdar Mountains

2005-04-05T16:49:00.000-07:00

Arabic Al-jabal Al-akhdar, also spelled Gebel El-achdar, mountain range of northeastern Libya that extends along the Mediterranean coast for about 100 miles (160 km) in an east-northeasterly direction between the towns of al-Marj and Darnah. Rising sharply in two steps, the first reaching 985 feet (300 m) and the second about 1,800 feet (550 m), the limestone range (about 20 miles [32 km] wide) then blends into a plateau crowned by hills attaining elevations

Amsdorf, Nikolaus Von

2005-04-03T23:22:00.000-07:00

Educated at Leipzig and then at Wittenberg, where he became a theology professor in 1511, Amsdorf attended the Leipzig Debate with Luther in 1519 and the Diet of Worms two years later, where he participated in the plan to protect Luther from his detractors by pretending to kidnap

T'ien Ming

2005-04-02T01:53:00.000-08:00

The continuation of the mandate was believed to be conditioned by the personal behaviour of the ruler, who was expected to possess i (“righteousness”) and jen (“benevolence

Mckenna, Joseph

2005-04-02T00:06:00.000-08:00

McKenna grew up in California and was admitted to the state bar in 1865. A Republican, he served as Solano county district attorney (1866–70) and in the California state legislature (1875–76). Despite the prevailing anti-Roman Catholic sentiments that contributed to two defeats at the polls, McKenna was elected in

Gray Birch

2005-04-01T15:05:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Grey Birch, also called Oldfield Birch, Wire Birch, or Poplar-leaved Birch (Betula populifolia), slender ornamental tree of the family Betulaceae, found in clusters on moist sites in northeastern North America. Rarely 12 m (40 feet) tall, it is covered almost to the ground with flexible branches that form a narrow, pyramidal crown. The thin, glossy, dark green, triangular leaves have long, thin stems and flutter in the wind. In one variety, the leaves are

Mongolia

2005-03-31T19:37:00.000-08:00

Contemporary cultural life in Mongolia is a unique amalgam of traditional elements—the heritage of centuries—and a growing modern element.

Acosta, José De

2005-03-31T14:48:00.000-08:00

Jesuit theologian and missionary to the New World, chiefly known for his Historia natural y moral de las Indias, the earliest survey of the New World and its relation to the Old. His works, missionary and literary, mark the end of the period of the religious and scientific incorporation of the newly discovered lands into Western

Malamud, Bernard

2005-03-30T15:40:00.000-08:00

His first novel, The Natural (1952), is a fable

Encamp

2005-03-30T09:16:00.000-08:00

Village, Andorra, on a headstream of the Riu (river) Valira. Its agricultural economy is supplemented by tourism, especially skiing. Encamp has a broadcasting transmitter of Radio Andorra. Above the village is Engolasters Lake, accessible by cable car. There are facilities for generating hydroelectric power. In the locality is the Pic (peak) des Pessons (9,400 ft [2,865 m]). Pop. (1990) 7,489.

Karatsu

2005-03-29T16:29:00.000-08:00

City, Saga ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, facing Karatsu Bay. Its name is derived from the Japanese terms kara (referring to China) and tsu (“port”), reflecting the city's history as an ancient port trading with China and Korea. The Karatsu coal mines were opened in the early 20th century, and after World War II the western part of the city developed as an industrial district, centring

Lancaster, Sir Osbert

2005-03-28T17:31:00.000-08:00

Lancaster took his B.A. degree at Lincoln College,

Thomas, Martha Carey

2005-03-27T21:12:00.000-08:00

Carey Thomas, as she preferred to be known, was the daughter of a modestly prosperous Quaker family. She attended Quaker schools in her native Baltimore, Maryland, and in Ithaca, New York, then overrode her father's objections

Metallgesellschaft Ag

2005-03-27T08:01:00.000-08:00

Established in 1881 by Wilhelm Merton (1848–1916), the company originally confined its activities

Heiden, Eric

2005-03-26T09:38:00.000-08:00

Heiden started skating

Likin

2005-03-26T08:54:00.000-08:00

The tax originated in 1853 in the central Chinese province of Kiangsu as a method of financing troops to aid in suppressing the great Taiping Rebellion (1850–64). With the great volume of trade carried on in China

Alcorn State University

2005-03-25T17:06:00.000-08:00

Public, coeducational institution of higher learning near Lorman, Mississippi, U.S. It is a land-grant university consisting of schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education and Psychology, Nursing, and Agriculture and Applied Sciences. The university's School of Nursing is located in Natchez. In addition to undergraduate studies, Alcorn State offers several

Cordemoy, (louis-)géraud De

2005-03-24T17:40:00.000-08:00

French historian and philosopher, who showed considerable originality in his development of the general principles of physical theory. He introduced a new atomism into the mechanistic system of René Descartes by linking unity and substantiality; matter is homogeneous but contains a multiplicity of bodies each of which is an individual substance.

Europe, History Of

2005-03-23T16:52:00.000-08:00

History of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates. Its western frontiers seem clearly defined by its coastline, yet the position of the British Isles remains equivocal. To outsiders, they seem

Polish Literature, Literature after 1945

2005-03-23T03:13:00.000-08:00

The impact of World War II, the experience of occupation, and the establishment of the People's Republic in 1945 decisively affected the character of literature in Poland and also produced a number of émigré writers who had become famous between World Wars I and II. Among the latter were lyrical poets of the Skamander group, former associates of the Awangarda movement,

Caledonian Orogenic Belt

2005-03-22T07:08:00.000-08:00

Range of mountains situated in northwestern Europe, developed as a result of the opening, closure, and destruction of the Iapetus Ocean in the period from the start of the Cambrian (540 million years ago) to the end of the Silurian (about 408 million years ago). The final collision was between a northwestern European and a North American–Greenland continent, and it gave rise

Jackrabbit

2005-03-21T16:37:00.000-08:00

Any of several North American species of hare (genus Lepus).

Coherence

2005-03-20T23:59:00.000-08:00

A fixed relationship between the phase of waves in a beam of radiation of a single frequency. Two beams of light are coherent when the phase difference between their waves is constant; they are noncoherent if there is a random or changing phase relationship. Stable interference patterns are formed only by radiation emitted by coherent sources, ordinarily produced

Kecskemét

2005-03-19T20:56:00.000-08:00

Town and seat, Bács-Kiskun megye (county), central Hungary. Long established as a centre for handicrafts and cattle raising, it has also grown in importance for its viticulture, vegetables, and fruit. It is surrounded by flat sandy farmland, often referred to as “the orchard of Hungary.” The locality provides as much as 25 percent of the country's fruit, notably apricots, and

Constable, Archibald

2005-03-19T07:55:00.000-08:00

At the age of 14 Constable was apprenticed to an Edinburgh bookseller, Peter Hill; after six years he left to open his own bookstore. He began to publish theological and political pamphlets, and in 1802 Sydney Smith

Earth, The figure of the Earth

2005-03-18T13:21:00.000-08:00

Recent standard works include G. Bomford, Geodesy, 4th ed. (1980, reprinted 1983); Weikko A. Heiskanen and Helmut Moritz, Physical Geodesy (1967); Wolfgang Torge, Geodesy, an Introduction (1980; originally published in German, 1975), a classical treatment; and Petr Vanícek and Edward J. Krakiwsky, Geodesy, the Concepts, rev. ed. (1986). See also International Association Of Geodesy, Systeme geodesique de reference 1967: Geodetic Reference System 1967 (1971).

Mesopotamia, History Of, Adad-nirari III and his successors

2005-03-18T07:56:00.000-08:00

Shamshi-Adad V died while Adad-nirari III (810–783) was still a minor. His Babylonian mother, Sammu-ramat, took over the regency, governing with great energy until 806. The Greeks, who called her Semiramis, credited her with legendary accomplishments, but historically little is known about her. Adad-nirari later led several campaigns against the Medes and also against Syria and

Seven Oaks Massacre

2005-03-18T01:33:00.000-08:00

On June 19, 1816, a party of about 60 Métis (persons of mixed European and Indian blood) under Cuthbert Grant, a North West Company employee, set out to run provisions for North West Company canoes past the Red River colony; they plundered some

Lea

2005-03-17T07:06:00.000-08:00

County in the High Plains of southeastern New Mexico, U.S., bordered on the east and south by Texas. The northwestern area of the county is located on the Llano Estacado, or Staked Plain, above the Mescalero Escarpment at over 4,000 feet (1,200 m) above sea level; the land slopes to the southeast to under 3,000 feet. There are no streams in Lea county, which includes several dry lakes and creek

Tracheitis

2005-03-17T04:17:00.000-08:00

Acute infections occur suddenly and usually subside quickly. Common bacterial causes

China, Struggles within the two-party coalition

2005-03-16T13:03:00.000-08:00

After Sun's death the KMT went through a period of inner conflict, although it progressed steadily, with Russian help, in bringing the Kwangtung base under its control. The conflict was caused primarily by the radicalization of the party under the influence of the Communists. They organized labour unions and peasant associations and pushed class struggle and the

Devrient, Ludwig

2005-03-16T08:23:00.000-08:00

Born to a family of wholesale drapers,

Jackson, Andrew

2005-03-15T07:45:00.000-08:00

When Jackson arrived in Nashville, the community was still a frontier settlement. As prosecuting attorney, Jackson was principally occupied with suits for the collection of debts. He was so successful in these litigations that he soon had a thriving private practice and had gained the friendship of landowners and creditors. For almost 30 years Jackson was allied with this group in Tennessee politics. Jackson boarded in the home of Colonel John Donelson, where he met and married the colonel's daughter, Rachel Robards (Rachel Jackson).

Wiggin, Kate Douglas

2005-03-14T14:40:00.000-08:00

Kate Douglas Smith attended a district school in Philadelphia and for short periods the Gorham Female Seminary in Maine, the Morison Academy in Maryland, and the Abbott Academy in Massachusetts. In 1873 she moved with her family to Santa

Durham

2005-03-14T01:01:00.000-08:00

The historic core of the city is located on a peninsula in a bend of the River Wear. This natural defensive site, chosen by William the Conqueror (reigned 1066–87) as a fortress and bulwark against the Scots to the north, soon became a seat of the feudal prince-bishops of Durham, entrusted

Tharrawaddy

2005-03-13T02:59:00.000-08:00

Tharrawaddy in 1837 deposed his brother Bagyidaw (reigned 1819–37), who had been obliged to sign the humiliating treaty that ceded the provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim to the British. Upon his accession, Tharrawaddy

France, History Of, Religious discipline and piety

2005-03-12T16:10:00.000-08:00

One characteristic of the church in the 6th century was frequent councils to settle questions of doctrine and discipline. The conciliar institution declined, leading to liturgical anarchy and a moral and intellectual crisis among the clergy. Charlemagne and Louis the Pious attempted to impose a uniform liturgy, inspired by the one used at Rome. They also took measures

Electronic Music, Tape music

2005-03-12T00:03:00.000-08:00

With tape music the history of electronic music in the narrower sense begins. This history seems split into three main periods: an early (by now classical) period lasting from the commercial introduction of the tape recorder immediately following World War II until about 1960; a second period that featured the introduction of electronic music synthesizers and the

India, Nadir Shah's invasion

2005-03-11T21:52:00.000-08:00

The obvious weakness of the Mughal Empire invited Nadir Shah's descent upon the plains of northern India for plunder and spoil. For years the defenses of the northwest had been neglected. Nadir captured Ghazni and Kabul, crossed the Indus at Attock (December 1738), and occupied Lahore virtually unopposed. Hurried preparations were then made to defend Delhi, but the faction-ridden

Monongahela River

2005-03-10T19:17:00.000-08:00

River formed by the confluence of the Tygart and West Fork rivers in Marion county, W.Va., U.S. It flows 128 miles (206 km) in a northerly direction past Morgantown into Pennsylvania, past Brownsville and Charleroi, joining the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh to become a major headwater of the Ohio River. In its upper reaches the river has a swift current and furnishes hydroelectric

Diels, Otto Paul Hermann

2005-03-10T08:10:00.000-08:00

Diels studied chemistry at the University of Berlin under Emil Fischer and after various appointments was made professor of chemistry at the University of Kiel

Kuala Lipis

2005-03-10T01:41:00.000-08:00

Town, central West Malaysia (Malaya), situated along the Jelai River. It is a commercial centre for nearby villages and the riverine Aboriginals who inhabit the dense jungle to the north. Some of its residents live on the slopes of the surrounding hills, while many Malay families cluster in communities of raft huts along the river. The terminus of the central Malayan

Siamang

2005-03-09T09:06:00.000-08:00

(Hylobates syndactylus) arboreal ape of the gibbon family (Hylobatidae), found in the forests of Sumatra and Malaya. The siamang resembles other gibbons but is more robust. The siamang is also distinguished by the webbing between its second and third toes and by a dilatable hairless air sac in its throat. The air sac is used in producing a resonant,

Wellington

2005-03-08T02:05:00.000-08:00

Town (“parish”), Taunton Deane district, administrative and historic county of Somerset, England, just west-southwest of Taunton. The first duke of Wellington (Arthur Wellesley, who took his title from the town), victor of the Battle of Waterloo (1815), is commemorated by a monument (National Trust property) on the highest point of the nearby Blackdown Hill. Wellington School, at

Rabanus Maurus,

2005-03-07T14:56:00.000-08:00

Rabanus was sent to Tours, Fr., in 802 to study under the noted scholar-monk Alcuin. In 803 he assumed the direction of the monastic school of

Bouaké

2005-03-07T14:37:00.000-08:00

City, central Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). It lies on the road and railroad from Abidjan (the national capital) to Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta). Bouaké was established as a French military post in 1899; it became an autonomous municipality in 1969. The city is the nation's second largest community and the commercial and transportation hub of the interior. Cotton,

Computers, The hobby market expands

2005-03-07T08:03:00.000-08:00

Some entrepreneurs, particularly in the San Francisco Bay area, saw opportunities to build add-on devices, or peripherals, for the Altair; others decided to design competitive hardware products. Because different machines might use different data paths, or buses, peripherals built for one computer might not work with another computer. This led the emerging industry

Iron Guard

2005-03-05T21:07:00.000-08:00

Romanian Garda De Fier Romanian fascist organization that constituted a major social and political force between 1930 and 1941. In 1927 Corneliu Zelea Codreanu founded the Legion of the Archangel Michael, which later became known as the Legion or Legionary Movement; it was committed to the “Christian and racial” renovation of Romania and fed on anti-Semitism and mystical nationalism. Codreanu established

Pyrrole

2005-03-05T13:24:00.000-08:00

Any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a ring structure composed of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The simplest member of the pyrrole family is pyrrole itself, a compound with molecular formula C4H5N. The pyrrole ring system is present in the amino acids proline and hydroxyproline; and in coloured natural products,

Behbehan

2005-03-05T01:27:00.000-08:00

Town, southwestern Iran, in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains near the Marun River. The largely mountainous county extends to Mt. Dinar and has tribal populations. The town prospers through development of the neighbouring oil fields. It lies on an ancient trade route and connects by road with Ahvaz and Kazerun. Nearby ruins include the Sasanian city of Arajan and a bridge

Bendahara

2005-03-04T20:25:00.000-08:00

In the traditional Malay states, the chief minister, second only to the sultan in rank, power, and authority; the office of bendahara (a Sanskrit title) grew in importance during the Malacca sultanate after 1400. Its functions included executing the sultan's commands and acting as prime minister and commander in chief. The bendahara also supplied the sultan with a palace

Buddhism, Sa-skya-pa, Bka'-brgyud-pa, and related schools

2005-03-04T01:02:00.000-08:00

The Sa-skya-pa order traces

Anselm Of Laon,

2005-03-03T07:53:00.000-08:00

Anselm apparently studied at Bec, Fr., under St. Anselm of Canterbury. In the final quarter of the 11th century, he taught with distinction at Paris, where with William of Champeaux he supported realism. About 1100 he returned to Laon, where his theological and exegetical

Ducis, Jean-françois

2005-03-03T00:34:00.000-08:00

French dramatist who made the first sustained effort to present William Shakespeare's tragedies on the French stage. Although he remodeled the tragedies to the French taste for witty, epigrammatic style and attempted to confine the plays within the “classical unities” (of time, place, and action), such critics as Voltaire still

Augury

2005-03-02T22:11:00.000-08:00

Prophetic divining of the future by observation of natural phenomena—particularly the behaviour of birds and animals and the examination of their entrails and other parts, but also by scrutiny of man-made objects and situations. The term derives from the official Roman augurs, whose constitutional function was not to foretell the future but to discover whether

Neo-paganism

2005-03-02T16:15:00.000-08:00

Any of several spiritual movements that attempt to revive the ancient polytheistic religions of Europe and the Middle East. These movements have a close relationship to ritual magic and modern witchcraft. Neo-Paganism differs from them, however, in striving to revive authentic pantheons and rituals of ancient cultures, though often in deliberately eclectic

Wessex

2005-03-02T00:37:00.000-08:00

One of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, whose ruling dynasty eventually became kings of the whole country. In its permanent nucleus, its land approximated that of the modern counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Wiltshire, and Somerset. At times its land extended north of the River Thames, and it eventually expanded westward to cover Devon and Cornwall. The name Wessex

Biblical Literature, Pseudepigrapha connected with the Dead Sea Scrolls

2005-03-01T11:38:00.000-08:00

There are three Pseudepigrapha that are closely connected with the writings of the Dead Sea sect: the Book of Jubilees, the Ethiopic Book of Enoch, and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. It is not accidental that fragments of the two first books and of two sources of the third were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Middle Anglia

2005-03-01T04:39:00.000-08:00

A province of Anglo-Saxon England lying between East Anglia and Mercia. It certainly comprised the basins of the Nene, Welland, and Great Ouse, with the districts west of the fens and probably extended into present Oxfordshire. Parts of the area were settled early, but nothing is known of its political history until 653, when it was subject to Mercia, under the rule of Penda's

Yacht

2005-02-28T19:35:00.000-08:00

Early sailing yachts followed the lines of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century until the second half of the 19th century. The design of large yachts was first greatly affected by the success of America, which was designed by George Steers for a syndicate headed by John C. Stevens and was the boat for which the America's Cup (q.v.) was named

Wake Island

2005-02-27T17:20:00.000-08:00

Formerly Halcyon Island, or Helsion Island, an atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, 2,300 miles (3,700 km) west of Honolulu. An unincorporated territory of the United States, it comprises three low-lying coral islets (Wilkes, Peale, and Wake) that rise to 21 feet (6 m) and occupy a total land area of 2.5 square miles (6.5 square km). Linked by causeways, they lie in a crescent configuration on a reef (4.5 miles [7.2 km] long and 2 miles [3.2 km] wide) surrounding a lagoon.

Himyar

2005-02-27T10:35:00.000-08:00

The Himyarites were concentrated in the area known as Dhu Raydan on the coast of present-day Yemen (San'a'); they were probably aided in the overthrow of their Sabaean kinsmen by the discovery of a sea route from Egypt

Ashbee, Charles Robert

2005-02-26T19:27:00.000-08:00

After education at Wellington College and King's College, Cambridge, and while actively involved in the social work of Toynbee Hall, Ashbee was articled to the architect

Wyoming

2005-02-26T03:57:00.000-08:00

Constituent state of the United States of America. It is the ninth largest state, with an area of 97,809 square miles (253,326 square kilometres). It shares boundaries with six other Great Plains and Mountain states: South Dakota and Nebraska on the east, Colorado on the south, Utah on the southwest, Idaho on the west, and Montana on the northwest and north. Cheyenne, the state capital, is

Wailuku

2005-02-25T17:25:00.000-08:00

City, seat of Maui county, northern Maui Island, Hawaii, U.S. It is situated on an isthmus at the mouth of the valley of Iao and the base of the western mountains. With Kahului (east) it forms a contiguous area that is the most densely populated and busiest on the island. Iao Stream flows through the western part of the city. Wailuku (Hawaiian: “Water of Destruction”) recalls the

Jewfish

2005-02-24T16:27:00.000-08:00

Any of several large fishes of the sea bass (q.v.) family (Serranidae), especially Epinephelus itajara, found on the Atlantic coast of tropical America. This species sometimes attains a length of 2.5 metres (8 feet) and a weight of about 320 kilograms (700 pounds). The adult is dull olive-brown with faint spots and bands. Adult jewfish are usually solitary and typically remain in the same

China, The Mongol conquest of China

2005-02-24T10:11:00.000-08:00

Genghis Khan rose to supremacy over the Mongol tribes in the steppe in 1206, and within a few years he attempted to conquer northern China. By securing the allegiance of the Tangut state of Hsi Hsia in what are now Kansu and northeastern Tibet (1209), he disposed of a potential enemy and prepared the ground for an attack against the Chin state of the Juchen in northern China. At that

Framed Building

2005-02-24T07:25:00.000-08:00

Structure in which weight is carried by a skeleton or framework, as opposed to being supported by walls. The essential factor in a framed building is the frame's strength. Timber-framed or half-timbered houses were common in medieval Europe. In this type the frame is filled in with wattle and daub or brick. A modern lightweight wood-frame structure, the balloon-frame

Chateaubriand, François-auguste-rené, Viscount (vicomte) De

2005-02-24T05:34:00.000-08:00

The youngest child of an eccentric and impecunious noble, Chateaubriand spent his school holidays largely with his sister in the romantic

Lima

2005-02-22T08:01:00.000-08:00

Department of central Peru and site of the national capital of Lima. The department stretches from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in the east. There is little rainfall along its coastal section, and irrigation is possible only where rivers descend from the Andes. Fog often blankets the coast, especially from June to October;

Mystery Religion, Rites and festivals

2005-02-21T16:19:00.000-08:00

A period of preparation preceded the initiation in each of the mysteries. In the Isis religion, for example, a period of 11 days of fasting, including abstinence from meat, wine, and sexual activity, was required before the ceremony. The candidates were segregated from the common folk in special apartments in the holy precinct of the community centre; they were called

Visalia

2005-02-21T15:49:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1853) of Tulare county, south-central California, U.S. It lies on the Kaweah River delta in the San Joaquin Valley, 42 miles (68 km) southeast of Fresno. Founded in 1852 by Nathaniel Vise, it developed as an agricultural (olives, grapes, cotton) and livestock-shipping centre, now supplemented by light manufacturing. It is the seat of the College of the Sequoias (1925). Sequoia and Kings Canyon

Quilting

2005-02-21T15:13:00.000-08:00

Making a bed quilt is a multistep

Kirkus, Virginia

2005-02-20T14:55:00.000-08:00

Kirkus attended private schools and in 1916 graduated from Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. After taking courses at Columbia University Teachers College, New York City, she taught in a private school in Delaware

Haldimand, Sir Frederick

2005-02-20T07:19:00.000-08:00

Haldimand entered British service in 1756 as a lieutenant colonel in the Royal American Regiment. He served in Sir Jeffrey Amherst's expedition (1760) against Montreal during the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, then stayed there as second in command

Epistemology, John Locke

2005-02-19T20:15:00.000-08:00

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke (1632–1704) is often taken to be the first major empiricist work. Book I discusses innate ideas in order to deny that there are any; Book II discusses various genuine kinds of ideas; Book III discusses language with an emphasis on the meaning of words; and Book IV discusses knowledge and related cognitive states and

Bioethics

2005-02-19T10:49:00.000-08:00

The discipline dealing with the ethical implications of both biological research and the applications of that research, especially in medicine. The first bioethics study institute, the Hastings Center, was established in June 1969 and is now located in Briarcliff Manor, N.Y., U.S. In 1971 Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., established The Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, Typology and typological symbolism

2005-02-18T20:59:00.000-08:00

Erich Auerbach, “Figura,” in Scenes from the Drama of European Literature: Six Essays (1959); A.C. Charity, Events and Their Afterlife: The Dialectics of Christian Typology in the Bible and Dante (1966); Jean Danielou, Sacramentum futuri: études sur les origines de la typologie biblique (1950; Eng. trans., From Shadows to Reality: Studies in the Biblical Typology of the Fathers, 1960); Austin Farrer, A Rebirth of Images: The Making of St. John's Apocalypse (1949); R.P.C. Hanson, Allegory and Event (1959); W.G. Madsen, From Shadowy Types to Truth: Studies in Milton's Symbolism (1968).

Sokoto

2005-02-18T00:59:00.000-08:00

Sokoto was only a small village when selected to be the military headquarters

Baseball

2005-02-17T19:10:00.000-08:00

The Yankees advanced to the World Series by defeating the Boston Red Sox 4 games to 1 in the American League Championship Series (ALCS). In the opener at New York, after being down 3–0, the Yankees rallied and won it 4–3 on Bernie Williams's leadoff home run in the 10th. The next day the Yankees again prevailed, this time by 3–2. Game three at Boston's Fenway Park was a much-awaited pitching

Lancet Fish

2005-02-17T11:09:00.000-08:00

Either of two species of widely distributed, deepwater marine fish of the genus Alepisaurus (the family Alepisauridae). Lancet fish are elongated and slender, with a long, very tall dorsal fin and a large mouth that is equipped with formidable fanglike teeth. The fish grow to a large size, attaining a maximum length of about 1.8 m (6 feet). Voracious and carnivorous, they feed

Frederick I

2005-02-16T15:01:00.000-08:00

In 1688 Frederick succeeded to the electorate and at once set out, assisted

Aerospace Industry, Aerospace companies and projects

2005-02-16T03:27:00.000-08:00

David Weldon Thornton, Airbus Industrie: The Politics of an International Industrial Collaboration (1995), describes the integration of Europe's disparate aerospace industries into an industrial power that ended the American monopoly in the commercial airliner business. Additional accounts of the Airbus consortium are found in Guy Norris and Mark Wagner, Airbus (1999); and Matthew Lynn, Birds of Prey: Boeing vs. Airbus, a Battle for the Skies, rev. ed. (1997). Brian Trubshaw, Concorde: The Inside Story (2000); and Christopher Orlebar, The Concorde Story, new ed. (1997), cover the development of the British-French supersonic passenger transport. The collapse and recovery of Britain's aerospace business in the last decades of the 20th century is recounted in Richard Evans and Colin Price, Vertical Take-Off: The Inside Story of British Aerospace's Comeback from Crisis to World Class (1999). Specific American aerospace companies are examined in Eugene E. Bauer, Boeing: The First Century (2000); Robert Redding and Bill Yenne, Boeing: Planemaker to the World, rev. and updated ed. (1997); Bill Yenne, McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants (1985), and Rockwell: The Heritage of North American (1989); and Walter J. Boyne, Beyond the Horizons: The Lockheed Story (1998). Accounts of individual Soviet design bureaus and the men who shaped them are found in R.A. Belyakov (R.A. Belíàkov) and J. Marmain, MiG: Fifty Years of Secret Aircraft Design, trans. from Russian (1994); Vladimir Antonov et al., OKB Sukhoi: A History of the Design Bureau and Its Aircraft (1996); Paul Duffy and Andrei Kandalov, Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft (1996); and James Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon (1997).

Yesuj

2005-02-15T16:44:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Yasuj, town, southwestern Iran. The town has a sugar mill and other local industry producing bricks and mosaic tiles, livestock feed, mats and baskets, and carpets and rugs. Roads link it with Dogonbaden, Dehdasht, Shiraj, Nurabad, and Bandar-e Bushehr. There is a thermoelectric power station located at Yesuj. Pop. (1986) 29,991.

Oskaloosa

2005-02-15T10:01:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1844) of Mahaska county, southeastern Iowa, U.S. It lies between the Des Moines and South Skunk rivers, about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Des Moines. The region was inhabited by Sauk and Fox peoples when a fort was founded there by Captain Nathan Boone, nephew of Daniel Boone, who explored the area in 1835. Settled by Quakers in 1843, it takes its name (meaning “the last of the

Fox, Vicente

2005-02-14T22:10:00.000-08:00

Fox, the second of nine children, was born to parents of Spanish and Irish descent and raised on a 1,100-acre (445-hectare) ranch in the state of Guanajuato. After earning a degree in business administration from the Ibero-American

Dungarpur

2005-02-14T03:01:00.000-08:00

Town, administrative headquarters of Dungarpur district, Rajasthan state, northwestern India. An agricultural market centre, it is linked by road with Udaipur, as well as with Vadodara, Ahmadabad, and Indore via Godhra (Gujarat). Dungarpur, former capital of the Dungarpur princely state, was founded in the 14th century and was named after Dungaria, an independent chieftain

Arundel, Thomas Fitzalan, 5th Earl Of, 11th Earl Of Surrey

2005-02-13T08:33:00.000-08:00

King Richard II made him a ward of John Holland, duke of Exeter, from whose keeping he escaped about 1398 and joined his uncle, Archbishop Thomas Arundel, at Utrecht, returning to England in 1399 with Henry of Lancaster, afterward King Henry IV. In October 1400 he was restored to

Serialism

2005-02-12T14:54:00.000-08:00

In music, technique that has been used in some musical compositions roughly since World War I. Strictly speaking, a serial pattern in music is merely one that repeats over and over for a significant stretch of a composition. In this sense, some medieval composers wrote serial music, because they made use of isorhythm, which is a distinct rhythmic pattern that repeats

France, History Of, French culture in the 17th century

2005-02-12T05:31:00.000-08:00

If historians are not yet agreed on the political motives of Louis XIV, they all accept, however, the cultural and artistic significance of the epoch over which he and his two 17th-century predecessors reigned. In their different ways—Henry IV's interest lay in town planning, Louis XIII's in music, and Louis XIV's in the theatre and in landscape gardening—they all actively

Shilka River

2005-02-11T23:17:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Šilka river, Chita oblast (province), southeastern Russia, formed by the union of the Onon and Ingoda rivers. It flows 348 miles (560 km) northeast to unite with the Argun to form the Amur River on the Russia–China border. The area of its drainage basin is 80,000 square miles (206,000 square km). The river is navigable for its entire length.

Ob River

2005-02-11T21:38:00.000-08:00

Originally based in the Shankill Road area of Belfast, the UDA was responsible for political murders of Roman Catholics and prominent Republicans, though it claimed responsibility for most killings

Paderewski, Ignacy (jan)

2005-02-10T19:36:00.000-08:00

The son of a steward of a Polish landowner, he studied music from 1872 at the Warsaw Conservatory and from 1878 taught piano there. In 1880 he married one of his pupils, Antonina Korsak, who died in childbirth the following year. Encouraged

Benedetti, Mario

2005-02-10T02:50:00.000-08:00

Benedetti was born to a prosperous family of Italian immigrants. His father was a viniculturist and a chemist. At age four the boy was taken to Montevideo, where he received a superior education at a private school. He was deeply affected by his early experience of the capital

Turbat

2005-02-09T22:44:00.000-08:00

Town, Balochistan province, Pakistan. The town is located on the left bank of the Kech River, which is a tributary to the Dasht River. The area in which Turbat is situated is drained to the south by the Dasht River; the Makran Range to the north and east descends to coastal plains in the south. The town is a marketplace for dates grown in the surrounding region and has a date-processing

Euler-chelpin, Hans Von

2005-02-09T01:07:00.000-08:00

After graduating from the University of Berlin (1895), Euler-Chelpin worked with Walther Nernst and in 1897 became assistant to Svante Arrhenius at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.

Earth, Expansion phase

2005-02-08T16:02:00.000-08:00

The expansion phase is less well understood than the growth phase. Many investigators support the “near-Earth neutral-line” model, but concurrently other explanations have been suggested. In the neutral-line model a localized x-type neutral line is formed inside the plasma sheet somewhere between 20 and 40 Re (earth radii) behind the Earth. Figure 13 (top) shows the topology

Romanche Gap

2005-02-08T06:44:00.000-08:00

The Romanche Gap is one of the

John Of Ephesus,

2005-02-08T01:50:00.000-08:00

A Syrian monk, he became a deacon at Amida in 529, but because of the Byzantine persecution of the Monophysites he was forced to lead a nomadic life. Later, at the Eastern imperial court of Constantinople, John was

Radiation-damage Dating

2005-02-07T01:13:00.000-08:00

Method of age determination that makes use of the damage to crystals and the radiation from radioactive substances caused by storage of energy in electron traps. In the mineral zircon, for example, radiation damage results in a change in colour, the storage of energy in electron traps, and a change in the crystallographic constants of the mineral. Extensive damage